Frankenstein Pursuit Of Knowledge Essay - 1673 Words

Among the many themes explored in Mary Shelley s timeless classic â€Å"Frankenstein†, the one I find to be most relevant and the one that truly resonated with me was the dangers that stem from the pursuit of knowledge. This theme resonated with me for many reasons because, while the pursuit of knowledge has allowed humankind to exert and enjoy unparalleled and unprecedented power over the animal kingdom and the world itself, it’s a seemingly benign aspect of human nature that can paradoxically render humankind obsolete. while exploring the many dangers rooted in the pursuit and frankly the obsession of knowledge one cannot help but see the correlations between Mary Shelley s infamous character, the ‘creature’ and the Industrial Revolution†¦show more content†¦While one can draw a distinction between the knowledge pursued during the Industrial Revolution and the specific and esoteric knowledge employed by Dr. Frankenstein, I will not make such a di stinction in my analysis and utilize the word knowledge in its rudimentary sense. As Shelly writes, â€Å"The labours of men of genius, however erroneously directed, scarcely ever to fail in ultimately turning to the solid advantage of mankind†.(Shelley, 28) It is with this orientation of knowledge, a derivative of the labors of ‘men of genius’, that I will utilize in my analysis. During the previously mentioned inflection point experienced during the 18th and 19th centuries, civilization’s marginal pursuit of knowledge became an obsession of not only the traditionally defined genius, an individual endowed with intellect in each of their endeavors, but of the brief employment of acute genius contained within each human in periods of crisis or enlightenment. While Industry allowed for any person with the capacity of imagination to obsess over the pursuit of knowledge, it also created an artificial partition between mankind and ecology as did Frankensteinâ⠂¬â„¢s creature in Shelley s novel. â€Å"How dangerous is the acquirement of knowledge and how much happier that man is who believes his native town to be the world, than he who aspires to become greater than his nature will allow†(Shelley, 31) writes Shelley as she bestows the reader with an introspective approach to the analysis of theShow MoreRelatedFrankenstein Pursuit Of Knowledge Essay1403 Words   |  6 PagesInformation War: The Truths of Knowledge in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein What exactly is the pursuit of knowledge? One might say that the pursuit of knowledge is when one conducts irregular experiments and actions. One might say that the pursuit of knowledge is the process of the collecting information needed in completing that test. However, the universal truth says that one can never accumulate all the knowledge in the world. However, one might opinion that the pursuit of knowledge is a wonderful thingRead MoreDangers of Acquiring Knowledge Illustrated in Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein1075 Words   |  5 PagesHow Dangerous is the Acquirement of Knowledge? Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein Although Mary Shelly did not have a formal education growing up motherless in the early nineteenth century, she wrote one of the greatest novels nonetheless in 1819, Frankenstein. The novel has been the basis for many motion picture movies along with many English class discussions. Within the novel Shelly shares the stories of two men from very different worlds. The reader is introduced to Robert Walton, the main narratorRead MoreFrankenstein as a Gothic Novel Essay1332 Words   |  6 PagesTragic wanderers, ominous atmosphere, symbolism, and themes: these are elements of a Gothic novel. Though Mary Shelleys Frankenstein, written in the early 19th century, certainly contains many components of a Gothic novel, can it be correctly grouped under that genre? A definition of a Gothic novel; according to Tracy, is a description of a fallen world. We experience this fallen world though the aspects of a novel: plot, setting, characterization, and theme (De Vore, Domenic, Kwan and Reidy)Read MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein And Caleb Williams 1168 Words   |  5 PagesIn A.D Harvey’s article â€Å"Frankenstein and Caleb Williams,† he explains that Mary Shelley’s famous work, Frankenstein; was not intended to be of any actual scientific evidence, but rather written just only with the intention of a gothic horror piece â€Å"we will each write a ghost story† (Frankenstein Author’s introduction vii). Harvey’s target is to reach out to the science community and to sway them to look past the mechanics of how Frankenstein’s monster is created and focus on other points of interestRead MoreFrankenstein and Robert Walton975 Words   |  4 PagesDangerous Knowledge—An Analytical Ess ay on â€Å"Frankenstein† The pursuit of discovery and knowledge are thrilling aspects of human achievement, but can also be very dangerous if not handled correctly. In Mary Shelley’s â€Å"Frankenstein,† Shelley portrays these two aspects of accomplishment as dangerous, destructive, and even fateful. Shelley begins her novel with an ambitious seafarer named Robert Walton. Walton is determined to reach the North Pole, where he may â€Å"tread a land never before imprinted byRead More Frankenstein, Community, and the Individual Essay1697 Words   |  7 Pagescreation and responsibility that lie at the core of Mary Shelleys Frankenstein. It is through these concepts that Shelley explores how society has changed during Romanticism and the Industrial Revolution, with lessening importance on shared knowledge and the public sphere and more emphasis on individual achievement and identity, leading to a fractured and isolated society. In this paper I argue that Mary Shelleys Frankenstein criticizes the impacts of Industrial Revolution and Romantic era-inspiredRead More Isolation in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essays1399 Words   |  6 PagesIsolation in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Mary Shelleys novel, Frankenstein, has several themes imbedded in the text. One major theme is of isolation. Many of the characters experience some time of isolation. The decisions and actions of some of these characters are the root cause of their isolation. They make choices that isolate themselves from everyone else. However, other characters are forced into isolation for reasons that are not in their control. The actions of another cause themRead MoreDangerous Knowledge in Frankenstein by Mary Shelley1074 Words   |  5 PagesFrankenstein is a book written by Mary Shelley in 1818, that is revolved around a under privileged scientist named Victor Frankenstein who manages to create a unnatural human-like being. The story was written when Shelley was in her late teen age years, and was published when she was just twenty years old. Frankenstein is filled with several different elements of the Gothic and Romantic Movement of British literature, and is considered to be one of the earliest forms of science fiction. FrankensteinRead MoreFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley3475 Words   |  14 PagesMary Shelley is best known for her gothic horror classic Frankenstein. Frankenstein has been heralded by many as the first science fiction book, and Frankenstein’s monster had become an integral character in the public’s cultural pantheon. However, Mary Shelley’s novel is also a cautionary tale of the dangers of intellectual curiosity. Robert Walton, the arctic explorer Victor Frankenstein meets in his final days, serves as a cautionary tale. By embarking on his arctic exploration mission, he placesRead MoreRomantic and Enlightenment Ideas in Frankenstein Essay1153 Words   |  5 Pagesmust always be free, and it alone can bring about enlightenment among men (Kant 3). Enlightenment thinking not only influenced philosophy and the sciences, but also literature (especially in Popes Essay on Man). In reaction to Enlightenments strict empiricism, Romanticism was born. In Frankenstein, Shelley argues (1) that Victor Frankensteins role as an Enlightenment hero, not only pulled him out of nature, but made him a slave to his creation; (2) that Frankensteins role as a revolting romantic

The Federal Hpv Vaccination Programme Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

There are a figure of ethical issues that arise in proviso of health care services. Although most of the health care enterprises are meant to assist the targeted population overcome wellness jobs they are meeting, proviso of these services has ever been ridden with ethical contentions. One of the recent health care enterprises that have been surrounded by a batch of contention is Federal HPV Vaccination programme. We will write a custom essay sample on The Federal Hpv Vaccination Programme Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now This programme was meant to inoculate all misss between the age of 12 and 26 to protect them against HPV that causes cervical malignant neoplastic disease and venereal warts. However, there are different ethical issues that arose in the class of execution of the school-based programme. It was argued that the plan was implemented as a consequence of increased advertizement by the pharmaceutical companies about the effectivity of the Gardasil vaccinum while there was no scientific study that backed the effectivity of the vaccinum. This was considered as indefensible response to moral issues because there was no adequate grounds back uping the usage of the vaccinums. However, the authorities still insists that the plan was meant to make good for the targeted population sing that cervical malignant neoplastic disease and venereal warts are going major public wellness concern. This is merely one of the health care initiatives that have led to great public tumult when scrutinized in diffe rent ethical positions. Healthcare services are meant to assist the population overcome major wellness jobs they face but at the same clip they attract a batch of contention due to struggle of involvement. In order to understand this job good, this survey will reexamine the Federal HPV Vaccine Programme and the ethical issues that arose as a consequence. The survey will first expression at the Federal HPV Vaccination Programme including its aims. The survey will so reexamine the ethical issues that arose from this programme and analyse one of the jobs through ethical positions. The Federal HPV Vaccination Programme Human Papillomavirus ( HPV ) is a group of viruses that are known to do skin warts, venereal warts and different types of malignant neoplastic diseases. There are different HPV that affects different parts of the organic structure with some of them infecting the venereal countries. Warts that are found on other parts of the organic structure like the custodies are known to be caused by different types of HPV. HPV types 6, 11, and 18 are known to do malignant neoplastic diseases with types 16 and 18 linked to cervical malignant neoplastic diseases while types 6 and 11 are linked to venereal warts ( Winer, Hughes A ; Feng 2006: 2648 ) . Due to the increased prevalence of venereal warts and cervical caners, there have been concerted attempts aimed at developing a vaccinum to cover with the job. HPV is spread by direct contact or during sexual activities. It is estimated that approximately four out of five people are likely to hold venereal HPV infection at some times in their lives ( P arkin 2006: 3035 ; Australian Government, 2010 ) . This is the chief ground why HPV vaccinums have become of import for misss who are sexually activity. The major job with HPV is that it does non do symptoms that people can see ( Winer, Hughes A ; Feng 2006: 2649 ) . This means that people can hold HPV and non cognize because there are no apparent symptoms. In 2007, the Australian Federal authorities began one of the most ambitious immunisation programmes. It began funding voluntary plan that made Gardasil available and adult females between the age of 12 and 26 old ages for free within a period of two old ages ( Christian 2006: 12 ) . The authorities besides ensured that there was an on-going inoculation programme that targeted 12 and 13 old ages old in schools. Australian authorities, in concurrence with PBS ( Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme ) approved the vaccinum for public usage and instantly began a national broad programme for school misss aged 7 to 12 old ages ( Poljak A ; Gemman 2006: 9 ) . The plan has been run by the local councils but the support is provided by the authorities. However, it is argued that the subsidisation of the vaccinums by the authorities could hold been implemented under political influence. Even the curate stood up and said that the programme would be approved long before it received authorities blessing. In add-on, the authorities outlined that adult females between the age of 18 and 26 old ages could besides have the first dosage for free but they had to petitions it from their general practicians ( Christian 2006: 12 ) . However the programme was scaled down to 12 and 13 old ages misss merely after 2009. In add-on, the authorities had approved Gardasil for inoculation of male childs aged between 9 and 15 ol d ages although the authorities did non supply support for boys inoculation ( Christian 2006: 12 ) . The authorities besides directed that in the procedure of disposal of the vaccinums, general practicians should remind their clients that they should besides go on with the regular pablum vilification ( Parkin 2006: 3042 ) . It besides directed them to promote adult females who received the vaccinums to register with National HPV Register for supervising intent. The National HPV inoculation programme registry is used to roll up informations in order to measure the impact of the HPV inoculation on the rates of cervical caners. It is besides used to measure the success of the programme in coverage and if the contact vaccinum receivers required a supporter dosage ( Poljak A ; Gemman 2006: 9 ) . The registry is of import in helping the authorities recognize its mark of cut downing the prevalence of venereal warts and cervical malignant neoplastic disease among adult females. Ethical issues Like other healthcare enterprises, there are different ethical issues that arise. In the class of history, there have been medical enterprises, particularly those that involve the mass, which have resulted to ethical jobs ( Zimmerman 2006: 4815 ) . Ethical contentions are likely to ensue every clip there is aggregate disposal of vaccinums to forestall spread of diseases. One of the chief issues that arise in such plans is safety. Although there are laboratory and research studies that confirms that safety of these programmes, issues of safety comes in the class of execution of the programme or long after the programme has been winded up. The chief issue of safety when it comes to disposal of vaccinums is that receivers feel that their safety can non be guaranteed because they have non been involved in preparation of the vaccinums or when there is no adequate informations that supports the safety of the vaccinums ( Shciller A ; Lowy 2006: 1168 ) . Another job that arises in the class of public wellness programmes is the issue of informed consent ( Zimmerman 2006: 4815 ) . Although it may be outlined right from the start that the programme will be voluntary, there are propagandas that arise in the class of the programme that convinces the receivers that they have been forced to have the vaccinums. The other job that may originate after such a programme is the usage of options. In most instances, new vaccinums are introduced in such public programmes but the continued usage of the earlier health care services may be affected. For illustration it has been shown that in instances where HPV vaccinum has been administered, most receivers are likely to predate regular showing for malignant neoplastic disease ( WHO ) . The populace can non merely understand why they have been introduced to a new vaccinum and yet they are requited to go on utilizing the old methods of testing like Pap smear. There were a figure of ethical issues that arose in the class of execution of The Federal HPV Vaccination Programme. The first ethical issue was based on the fact that there was non scientific cogent evidence that backed Gardasil as an effectual vaccinum in bar of HPV ( Zimmerman 2006: 4817 ) . Two of the recent articles that were published by New England Journal of Medicine suggested that the vaccinums against cervical malignant neoplastic diseases was used without adequate grounds to shows that they were effectual in undertaking the disease ( Zimmerman 2006: 4815 ) . The writers of these two articles noted that despite the fact that there has been assuring consequences from clinical tests, there was still no sufficient evident to endorse the effectivity of the vaccinums against cervical malignant neoplastic diseases. There as so many indispensable inquiries that still need to be answered and the populace should be cautious when seeking these vaccinums. A recent study that was released in New York Times showed that these vaccinums have been studied for a short period of clip and long term effects are yet to be established The vaccinums was licensed in 2006 after clinical tests that lasted for more than six old ages but this did non bring forth any grounds to demo their effectivity ( Roden, Ling A ; Wu 2004: 979 ) . Most of import inquiries that have non been answered sing the vaccinums is the continuance the unsusceptibility will last and whether extinguishing strains of the cancers-causing virus is likely to diminish the degree of bodyaa‚ ¬a„?s natural unsusceptibility to other strains of the same virus. Cervical malignant neoplastic disease normally develops after the persons have been infected with chronic HPV and there is no cogent evidence to demo that vaccinums will protect the organic structure against two strains of the virus that are known to do cervical malignant neoplastic disease ( Shciller A ; Lowy 2006: 1169 ) . One of major ethical issues that arise from the programme is that the authorities could be enforcing uneffective vaccinums on the population ( Colgrove 2006: 1390 ) . In most instances, medical programmes like The Federal HPV Vaccination Programme are perceived from a useful position in the sense that they are supposed to assist the population. The result of the programmes like The Federal HPV Vaccination Programme should assist the targeted population wellness wise ( Verweij A ; Dawson 2004: 3126 ) . With this perceptual experience in head, the chief purpose of execution of The Federal HPV Vaccination Programme was to help Australian misss fight cervical malignant neoplastic diseases and venereal warts. However, the involvement of the authorities could non hold been good informed in visible radiation of the studies published in New England Journal of Medicine that shows deficiency of scientific cogent evidence to endorse disposal of this vaccinum in contending cervical malignant ne oplastic disease. Was Australian authorities justified in the usage of Gardasil to contend prevalence of cervical malignant neoplastic diseases in misss sing that there was no adequate scientific backup to turn out it? This is a inquiry that needs to be interrogated through different ethical positions but the involvement of the parties involved must be taken into consideration. Earlier, it was mentioned that the authorities determination to transport out The Federal HPV Vaccination Programme was influenced by political powers ( Haas 2009: 289 ) . There is all ground to interrogate the determination by the authorities to perpetrate more than $ 160 million of the taxpayeraa‚ ¬a„?s money on a vaccinum that has non been proved effectual. First, this meant that the authorities had to relocate financess from other health care plans into order to fund this programme, which led to less financess available for other critical health care disbursement like on of import herceptin and other bosom medicines. This can be considered as a misplaced precedence that was implemented on land of political influence. Closely tied to this issue is concern about increased advertizement of the vaccinum by pharmaceutical companies ( Yudin 2010: 56 ) ) . For many old ages, the pharmaceutical industry has been criticized for advertisement merchandises that have non yet be en proved. Hungry for immense net incomes, the pharmaceutical industry has been publicizing their merchandises long before they have undergone proper vetting process to declare them suit for human ingestion. This is an ethical issue when one considers the effects that such merchandises may hold on the population. In a nut shell, the pharmaceutical industry can be applauded for puting in R A ; D to guarantee development of drugs and vaccinums to control lifting instance of malignant neoplastic diseases. However, their influence on the political category may take the authorities to take determination like the one taken by Australian authorities for the involvement of these companies. They understood really good that with the authorities backup of such a programme, there would be increased ingestion of their merchandises interpreting to immense net incomes they are seeking in the market ( Schwartz 2010: 1843 ) . Therefore, there is a likeliness that the determination taken by Australi a authorities could hold been influenced by the pharmaceutical companies that had carried out extended advertizement on the effectual of Gardasil in contending cervical malignant neoplastic disease. Is it possible that the authorities has fallen quarries to strategies by pharmaceutical companies to publicize their merchandises? Did these companies influence the political category to approve the plan in order to function their ego involvement? These are many others are inquiries that need to be closely interrogated when sing the influence of the political category and the pharmaceutical companies on authorities determination to turn over out The Federal HPV Vaccination Programme. However, it is apparent that the increased advertizement on the effectivity of the vaccinums could hold had major influence on the authorities while implementing this plan. In add-on, there were moral issues that could be explored in visible radiation of The Federal HPV Vaccination Programme. The desire by the authorities to implement the programme could hold been elicited by the demand to protect 1000000s of immature misss in the state who a hazard of cervical malignant neoplastic diseases. In another position, it can be argued that through execution of this programme, the authorities assumed that Australian immature misss are prosecuting in sex, the most common method for transmittal of HPV. Australian parents were bullied into a medical response to one of the most controversial moral issue of sex. This was perceived as another programme by the authorities in its safe sex battle. It is acceptable that immature male childs and misss are prosecuting in sexual at a clip that is non appropriate but this does non vouch the authorities to pump false information about protecting immature people from such disease ( Verweij A ; Dawson 2004: 3124 ) . The issue of HPV is closely tied to sexual activities among the immature people and the best manner that can be used to cover with it is through plans that discourage immature misss from prosecuting in sex ( Roden, Ling A ; Wu 2004: 980 ) . Alternatively of the authorities directing such financess to programmes that will assist kids cover with sexual issues during stripling, the authorities goes on to administrate vaccinums that tells immature people that they have license to prosecute in sex because they are aa‚ ¬Aâ€Å"protectedaa‚ ¬A? . Oppositions of The Federal HPV Vaccination Programme argue that due to increased public trust on the Gardasil vaccinums, there is likeliness of lessening in usage of Pap smear that has been proved effectual in diagnosing of cervical malignant neoplastic disease ( Zimmerman 2006: 4814 ) . Although the Australian authorities has directed medical professions administrating the vaccinums to promote adult females to travel for regular Pap vilification, there is high likeliness that most adult females are likely to abstain from seeking pablum vilification and rely on the vaccinums which has non been proved effectual in combating cervical malignant neoplastic disease. Another ethical issue that arose in the class of the plan is informed consent. This is one of the most of import ethical demands in biomedical programmes where the participants have to be informed of the purpose of the programme and objectives it will accomplish. The Federal HPV Vaccination Programme dealt with immature kids who were non in place to do their ain determination sing their engagement in the programme ( Verweij A ; Dawson 2004: 3123 ) . Harmonizing to ethical theories, when covering with kids below the age of 18 old ages, parental consent must be sought before the kid participates in such a programme. By implementing The Federal HPV Vaccination Programme without affecting parents in blessing of the programme, the authorities violated one of the basic ethical demands. In this programme, parents should hold been involved in doing the determination whether to implement the programme or non. Although the ultimate purpose of the authorities was to protect immature misss from cervical malignant neoplastic disease, this does non vouch the demand to compromise the rules of informed consent and pick. Informed consent and The Federal HPV Vaccination Programme One of the ethical issues that arose from this plan was the issue of informed consent and pick. The issue of informed consent requires that participants in any medical procedure must be informed of their purpose of the procedure and they should give their consent to take part in the programme. This means engagement must non be compulsory. This rule requires that when covering with kids below the age of 18, who can non do their ain determination to take part in such plans, parental consent must be sought ( Verweij A ; Dawson 2004: 3126 ) . This means that their parents must be informed of the engagement of their kids and give their consent. The Federal HPV Vaccination Programme was intended to cover with the job of cervical malignant neoplastic disease in misss. From a useful position, the programme should hold produced good consequence for those take parting in the programme. It was supposed to cut down the prevalence of cervical malignant neoplastic diseases among adult female in Australian and this was asses through HPV Register. All medical enterprises like The Federal HPV Vaccination Programme are assessed through useful position because they are expected to hold positive consequences to the populace ( Smart A ; Williams 1973: 62 ) . A programme that produces negative consequences would be considered a liability to the authorities and the participants as good. The taking ethical rule for public wellness programmes is that they should bring forth good results for the mark population. However, this was non the instance in this programme because there were negative effects that were registered after The Federal HPV V accination Programme was implemented. In add-on, the useful attack to this issue does non vouch the authorities any right to go against basic rule of informed consent and pick ( Smart A ; Williams 1973: 62 ) . There were different ways in which the authorities violated this rule. First, it was earlier highlighted that despite public concern, the Prime Minister had already indicated that the plan would be approved. This meant that the authorities was non ready to see any input from the mark population. The execution of the programme should hold involved the mark population and acquire their blessing whether to take part in the plan or non. Although the authorities had earlier indicated that engagement in the programme was voluntary, school based programmes did non adhere to this rule ( Verweij A ; Dawson 2004: 3125 ) . Out of their artlessness, and possibly without any cognition of the possible consequence of the programme on their wellness, school traveling misss flocked to have the vaccinums. In such instance the authorities should hold called all parents foremost and informed them of the at hand programme so that parents could do their determination whether their kids should have the inoculation or non. If the authorities failed to affect concerned stakeholders, who in this instance were parents, during the blessing of the programme, parental blessing should hold been sought by the clip the programme was being implemented at school degree. In order to cover with this ethical job, the authorities should recognize the importance of the rule of informed consent and the pick of participants ( Verweij A ; Dawson 2004: 3125 ) . They should esteem the liberty of Australian school misss and seek the consent of their parents before kids receive vaccinums. Although some may reason that the harm has already been done because a figure of kids have already received the vaccinum, this should non be a ground to disregard pertinence of this rule. Sing the negative effects that have already been registered with the vaccinums, the authorities should every bit good halt the vaccinum until its effectives has been proven. This will guarantee that the rights of Australian misss to do informed pick will be respected. Decision Most medical programmes that target the mass are sometimes loaded with many ethical issues. From the basic point of blessing of such plans, pick of participants, enlisting and disposal, these programmes attract different contentions. The Federal HPV Vaccination Programme is one of such programmes that have attracted ethical contentions. From a useful position, this plan was meant to cut down the prevalence of cervical malignant neoplastic diseases among adult females in Australian. However the pick of Gardasil vaccinums remains controversial because there is no scientific information that backs the effectivity of the vaccinums. In add-on, the blessing of the plan was besides controversial because parent involved was non sought at national or school degree, which means the rule of informed consent was violated. Sing the negative consequence of the vaccinums on those who have received it, the authorities should instantly hold the plan until the effectivity of the vaccinums has been app roved. In add-on, authorities should besides affect the populace in the hereafter when doing of import public wellness determinations because they are stakeholders. How to cite The Federal Hpv Vaccination Programme Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Verbal Aggression Is Message Behavior Which Attacks A Persons Self-con

Verbal aggression is message behavior which attacks a person's self-concept in order to deliver psychological pain.(Infante, 1995) Studies of verbal aggression have focused primarily on children and adolescents in educational and social settings. Very few studies were found to examine verbal aggression in adults in the workplace.(Ebbesen, Duncan, Konecni, 1974) The consequences of verbal aggression in the workplace can lead to social isolation, job related stress, health related problems, as well as problems in career advancement. It therefore should be considered important, for the individual and management, to identify and address the causes of verbal aggression. This program attempts to understand verbal aggression by 1) identifying the various functions of verbal aggression. 2) identifying the antecedent conditions of verbal aggression. 3) Avoiding the antecedent conditions of verbal aggression. Method Subject The subject, Shirley J., is a 49 year old African American fem ale. Shirley J. has several advanced degrees and is employed as a school psychologist in a metropolitan school district. She is married with two adult children. The subject readily agreed that the target behavior, verbal aggression, is a problem as it interferes with her relationships with others. She was enthusiastic in her desire to reduce, if not eliminate, this behavior. It would seem that self-monitoring for verbal aggression and antecedent control would be valuable as it would allow for consistent avoidance of verbal aggression. As a school psychologist the subject was very familiar with the basic principles of applied behavioral analysis and frequently offered programmatic suggestions. A behavioral contract was developed jointly between the therapist and subject. The contract outlined the target behavior, success criteria, and individual responsibilities of the therapist and subject. (see Appendix A) Apparatus A basic checklist was used to document the frequency of verbal aggression on a daily basis. The checklist was designed to track only the occurrence of the behavior. It was felt by the therapist that the content of the verbally aggressive message would be too open for subjective interpretation and that no meaningful data would be gained from such documentation. In addition the subject made frequent comments of significant success or failure in avoiding verbal aggression for discussion with the therapist. The weekly discussions were used to evaluate the appropriateness of the procedures used and make any necessary adjustments to the program. Procedure For the first two weeks of the program no intervention was applied. Given that the subject self-reported that verbal aggression was a problem it was important to determine if the frequency of the behavior merited intervention. Therefore, the subject documented the daily frequency of verbal aggression. The results of the baseline period revealed a high rate of verbal aggression. (see Appendix B ) Given the results of the baseline data as well as the demanding, often stressful, nature of the subjects job, it was mutually agreed that reducing verbal aggression would be the focus of the program. Verbal aggression was defined as cursing, yelling, and screaming at others. The agreed upon goals of the program was to decrease verbal aggression by 75% of baseline for four consecutive weeks. Treatment would consist of identifying and avoiding the antecedent conditions to verbal aggression. Avoidance of the antecedents is considered less restrictive, more proactive, and most effective. During the initial consultation it was determined that the antecedent conditions included, but was not limited to: work stress, time of day, verbal behavior of others (ie. tone of voice, inflection of voice and content of conversation, etc.), and non- verbal behavior of others (ie. facial expression, body posture, eye contact, etc.). In addition, the subject was required to self monitor for the fo llowing antecedents: clenched fists, tight jaw, rapid heart beat, and the emotions of anger, frustration and disappointment. Lastly, it was suggested by Infante (1995) that appropriate strategy must be taken to prevent verbal aggression from escalating. Successful avoidance of the antecedent conditions consisted of removing oneself from stressful situations, when possible, as well as not responding verbally when provoked. Weekly consultation revealed that verbal aggression was most often used to: 1) Escape demand situations. 2) Avoid demand situations. 3) Relieve job stress. The subject was to document the frequency of verbal aggression and record the circumstances of significant success or failure during the work

Jeffersons Presidency Essays

Jeffersons Presidency Essays Jeffersons Presidency Paper Jeffersons Presidency Paper Behind the Scenes: Jeffersons Presidency The Jeffersonian Republicans are typically considered to be stringent constructionists.The Federalists usually were considered to favor the broad constructionism.This is often just a stereotype, especially when the presidencies of our great, but misleading, Presidents Jefferson and Madison. The Jeffersonian Republicans, to only a small extent, represented what the party truly stood for, and the Federalists also to a small margin swayed from their partys ideas. The Republicans often stood for the idea of a weaker central government, not giving too much power to one man.This principle was sometimes overlooked by Jefferson.;mine tells me that the civil powers alone have been given to the President of the U.S.; (DOC A).Another policy that the Republicans deeply believed in, but Jefferson did not follow in his presidency, was strict constructionism.;laws and institutions must go hand in hand with the progress of the human mindinstitutions must advance also and keep pace with the times.;(DOC G).Jefferson also was quite afraid of the Government and the constitution, which led to ;Jefferson;s Rebellion; (1800). The Federalists were known for their desire for an all powerful central government, but sometimes the party members did not believe in this type of government.;he will at any time be able to prove quite as clearly that congress has power to create a dictator.; (DOC D). Even at the Hartford Convention many Republican-resembling resolutions were accepted.;Congress shall not have power, without concurrence of two-thirds of both houses.;(DOC E).Madison also states, in his proposal for war, that the constitution was better due to its inflexibility. Also during the Hartford there were no propositions for a change in the Constitution which is not a good representative of Federalist ideals.

All About Fracking or Hydrofracking

All About Fracking or Hydrofracking Fracking, or hydrofracking, which is short for hydraulic fracturing, is a common but controversial practice among companies that drill underground for oil and natural gas. In fracking, drillers inject millions of gallons of water, sand, salts and chemicals- all too often toxic chemicals and human carcinogens such as benzene- into shale deposits or other sub-surface rock formations at extremely high pressure, to fracture the rock and extract the raw fuel. The purpose of fracking is to create fissures in underground rock formations, thereby increasing the flow of oil or natural gas and making it easier for workers to extract those fossil fuels. How Common Is Fracking? The fracking process is used to boost production at 90 percent of all oil and gas wells in the United States, according to the Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission, and fracking is increasingly common in other countries as well. Although fracking most often occurs when a well is new, companies fracture many wells repeatedly in an effort to extract as much valuable oil or natural gas as possible and to maximize the return on their investment in a profitable site. The Dangers of Fracking Fracking poses serious dangers to both human health and the environment. The three biggest problems with fracking are: Fracking leaves behind a toxic sludge (called drill cuttings)  that companies and communities must find some way to manage. Safely disposing of the sludge created by fracking is an ongoing challenge.Somewhere between 20 percent and 40 percent of the toxic chemicals used in the fracking process remain stranded underground where they can, and often do, contaminate drinking water, soil and other parts of the environment that support plant, animal and human life.Methane from fracture wells can leak into groundwater, creating a serious risk of explosion and contaminating drinking water supplies so severely that some homeowners have been able to set fire to the mixture of water and gas coming out of their faucets. Methane also can cause asphyxiation. There isnt much research on the health effects of drinking water contaminated by methane, however, and the EPA doesnt regulate methane as a contaminant in public water systems. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), a least nine different chemicals commonly used in fracking are injected into oil and gas wells at concentrations that pose a threat to human health. Fracking also poses other hazards, according to the Natural Resources Defense Council, which warns that besides contaminating drinking water with toxic and carcinogenic chemicals, fracking could trigger earthquakes, poison livestock, and overburden wastewater systems. Why Concerns About Fracking are Increasing Americans get half their drinking water from underground sources. Accelerated gas drilling and hydrofracking in recent years has fueled public concern about well-water contamination by methane, fracking fluids and produced water, the wastewater extracted from wells after the shale has been fractured. So its no wonder people are increasingly concerned about the risks of fracking, which is becoming more widespread as gas exploration and drilling expands. Gas extracted from shale currently accounts [in 2011] for about 15 percent of natural gas produced in the United States. The Energy Information Administration estimates it will make up almost half of the nation’s natural-gas production by 2035. In 2005, President George W. Bush exempted oil and gas companies from federal regulations designed to protect U.S. drinking water, and most state oil and gas regulatory agencies don’t require companies to report the volumes or names of the chemicals they use in the fracking process, chemicals such as benzene, chloride, toluene and sulfates. The result, according to the nonprofit Oil and Gas Accountability Project, is that one of the nations dirtiest industries is also one of its least regulated, and enjoys an exclusive right to inject toxic fluids directly into good quality groundwater without oversight. Congressional Study Confirms Fracking Uses Hazardous Chemicals In 2011, congressional Democrats released the results of an investigation showing that oil and gas companies injected hundreds of millions of gallons of hazardous or carcinogenic chemicals into wells in more than 13 states from 2005 to 2009. The investigation was initiated by the House Energy and Commerce Committee in 2010, when the Democrats controlled the U.S. House of Representatives. The report also faulted companies for secrecy and for sometimes â€Å"injecting fluids containing chemicals that they themselves cannot identify.† The investigation also found that 14 of the most active hydraulic fracturing companies in the United States used 866 million gallons of hydraulic fracturing products, not including the water that makes up the bulk of all fracking fluid. More than 650 of the products contained chemicals that are known or possible human carcinogens, which are regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act or listed as hazardous air pollutants, according to the report. Scientists Find Methane in Drinking Water A peer-reviewed study conducted by scientists at Duke University and published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in May 2011 linked natural gas drilling and hydraulic fracturing to a pattern of drinking-water contamination so severe that faucets in some areas can be lit on fire. After testing 68 private groundwater wells across five counties in northeastern Pennsylvania and southern New York, the Duke University researchers found that the amount of flammable methane gas in wells used for drinking water increased to dangerous levels when those water sources were close to natural-gas wells. They also found that the type of gas detected at high levels in the water was the same type of gas that energy companies were extracting from shale and rock deposits thousands of feet underground. The strong implication is that natural gas may be seeping through either natural or man-made faults or fractures, or leaking from cracks in the gas wells themselves. â€Å"We found measurable amounts of methane in 85 percent of the samples, but levels were 17 times higher on average in wells located within a kilometer of active hydrofracking sites,† said Stephen Osborn, postdoctoral research associate at Duke’s Nicholas School of the Environment. Water wells farther from the gas wells contained lower levels of methane and had a different isotopic fingerprint. The Duke study found no evidence of contamination from chemicals in the fracking fluids that are injected into gas wells to help break up shale deposits, or from produced water.

Compare and Contrast Two Readings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Compare and Contrast Two Readings - Essay Example These advertisements also present men as sexual objects, in much the same way as women have often been portrayed. In some instances, the homophobic population may detect some gay undertones to these ads, however, all in all, they portray the male form in a way which is more sexually suggestive than its usual portrayal. In the same theme of male-themed advertisements, the article by Gladwell discusses the difficulties which are often seen in coming up with advertisements which are appealing to men. This article provides ideas on how Levi’s was able to appeal to the male population by considering activities, conversations, topics, and even random things which were more appropriate to the male crowd. Both articles presented a discussion on how advertisements can appeal differently to men and to women, and how the differences among males and females can often dictate the direction and the power of these ads. For companies who can capitalize on these differences, the profits would likely flow well and for a long period of time. Oftentimes, the stereotypes assigned to men and women can work well for advertisers and in some instances, tapping into the specific persona of a man or a woman can effectively reduce the gap between the seller and the

International Affairs College Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Affairs College - Article Example But they require some limitation for serving period after the completion of program. An extensively details form is required to be filled in by the applicant with supporting original documents. These things are sent to the committee that examines the form look for the merit of the candidate and offer him or her scholarship if they find it appropriate (Full Bright, 2005). "To establish an institute for international public policy. This institute shall conduct a program to significantly increase the numbers of African Americans and other under represented minorities in the international service (Higher Education Act, 2003)". But this grant is not directed towards the students rather they are given to the institutes and then students can contact those institutes for the scholar ships programs. So with an extensive search for the grants available to International relations program students, it is seen that the scholarships are more offered to the institutions than to the individuals perhaps due to the reason that International Relations has not been accepted as a field of study that can help develop nation and take it to higher places in literal meanings. The bush School aims ate delivering the students with the... "The end of the Cold War, the acceleration of globalization, and aggressive worldwide terrorism all indicate the momentous changes that have expanded and transformed national and international public service opportunities (Bush School, 2005)". The description of program at Bush School is as follows: The program is spread on a span of 21 months. It comprises of a total of 48 credit hours. Six courses that are required to be taken up by all students are offered with electives courses as per their will of specialization. They also require each student to go through concentration modules which are temporary associations with International economic development, defense policy and military affairs, regional studies and many others. The fee to follow this program is about 13800 dollars per year (two semester's fee + other expenses). So it makes a total of 26000 dollars for two years of program. The program nicely includes subjects which gives student the insight of world as political nations as well as economies. Subjects such as fundamentals of global economy and Quantitative Methods in Public Management are help for students to see the world in economic terms while courses like international politics and theories helps student to see the political game theory that is being played by nations of the world. b) City College of City University of New York They expect students to begin their program with theories of international relations. This prepares student to know the basic know how of the technical jargon which has to be used in the later semester of the program. A very unique requirement by the university is that students are required to take up and complete all the Core courses before they